High-Translucency Zirconia Following Chemical Vapor Deposition with SiH4: Evidence of Surface Modifications and Improved Bonding.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with silicon hydride (SiH4) at different times on HT-zirconia surface characteristics and bonding of composite cement before and after thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blocks of HT zirconia were obtained, polished, sintered and divided into five groups, according to PECVD time (n = 31): Zr-30 (30 s), Zr-60 (60 s), Zr-120 (120 s) and Zr-300 (300 s). The control group (Zr-0) did not receive PECVD. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in conjunction with field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), goniometry, and profilometry tests were used for chemical and topographic characterization. Monobond N silane (Ivoclar Vivadent) was applied to the surface, and a cylinder of composite cement (Variolink N) was made (3 x 3 mm). Half of the specimens of each group were stored for 24 h or subjected to thermocycling (6 x 103 cycles). A shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed. Results were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For experimental groups, XPS showed that formation of Si-O bonds contributed to increased surface free energy (SFE). FE-SEM and EDS showed that the longer the deposition time, the greater the amount of silicon on the surface. Zr-60 and Zr-300 presented higher and lower surface roughnesses, respectively. The silicon penetrated the microstructure, causing higher stress concentrations. The bond strength to composite cement was improved after all PECVD deposition times. CONCLUSION: The PECVD technique with SiH4, associated with chemical treatment with primer based on silane methacrylate, is a solely chemical surface treatment capable of maintaining bonding between composite cement and HT zirconia.

Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation over Organic Tissue of Simulated Internal Root Resorption.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on dissolving the organic tissue inside simulated internal root resorption (IRR) using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or chlorhexidine (CHX). A total of 40 human lower premolars were collected based on dimensional and morphological similarities. The roots were embedded in cylinders (3 cm diameter; 2.5 cm height) of self-cured acrylic resin, and then an IRR was simulated. The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) according to irrigation protocols: group 1: CHX + PUI; group 2: CHX; group 3: NaOCl + PUI; group 4: NaOCl. The total irrigation time was 150 s at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. A tissue mass of porcine palatine mucosa was used to simulate the organic tissue, it was weighed before and after the irrigation using an analytic balance, and the difference between both readings was calculated and transferred to percentage values. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA (factors: irrigant type and with/without PUI) and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons among the experimental groups (α = 0.05). There was a significant difference in both factors (irrigant: p=0.04; PUI: p ≤ 0.001). The groups that used PUI were more effective in dissolving the organic tissue of the IRR simulation than the groups without PUI. PUI is more effective than the syringe and needle irrigation in organic tissue dissolution.

Ceramic firing protocols and thermocycling: effects on the load-bearing capacity under fatigue of a bonded zirconia lithium silicate glass-ceramic.

This study evaluated the effect of different firing processes (without firing, additional crystallization and glaze firing) and thermal-cycling (with or without) on the fatigue behavior of simplified zirconia-lithium silicate (ZLS) glass ceramic restorations cemented to a dentin-like material. Materials and Methods. One hundred twenty-nine (129) discs (diameter = 12 mm and thickness = 1.2 mm) of ZLS (Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona) and fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (diameter = 12 mm and thickness = 2.3 mm) were produced and tested under fatigue according to 2 study factors: a firing protocol with 3 levels (without firing, additional crystallization and glaze firing) and thermocycling of 2 levels (absence/presence), composing 6 study groups. Ceramic and epoxy resin discs had their surfaces treated and adhesive cementation was performed (Multilink N, Ivoclar). Half of the samples were immediately tested; the other half were subjected to thermal-cycling (10,000 cycles in water; 5-55 °C). The staircase method determined the fatigue failure load (100,000 cycles at a frequency of 20 Hz). The fatigue data (in N) were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Fractographic analyses were also carried out. Thermocycling decreased the fatigue failure load (FFL) of all groups when compared to those without aging. Bonferroni's test indicated that the groups with crystallization/glazing process behaved better in terms of FFL than those without firing in the same storage condition. All the samples had radial cracks and all fractures originated from defects on the cementation surface of the ceramic discs. Crystallization and glaze firing had a positive effect on the fatigue failure load of adhesively cemented ZLS glass ceramic compared to the group without crystallization firing, in both storage conditions (with or without thermocycling).

Bond strength of cemented fiber posts to teeth with simulated internal root resorption.

BACKGROUND: Teeth with internal root resorption (IRR) have guarded prognosis, considering that IRR defect could influence on the post bond strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength and the bond interface between different glass fiber-reinforced posts (FRP) after cementation in teeth with simulated internal root resorption (IRR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five (45) human premolar roots with simulated IRR were embedded in acrylic resin blocks and cross-sectioned into two segments, enabling them to be re-approximated by screws. Intracanal medication was inserted for 15-days, removed by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and examined by stereomicroscopy. The push-out bond strength of two fiber reinforced composite posts (Rebilda Post - RP) and Rebilda Post GT - GT, (VOCO) were evaluated at the cervical and IRR regions (n = 20). And, the bonded interface between resin cement and root dentine was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: 62.5% of IRR were not completely cleaned by PUI. Bond strength values at the cervical region (9.8 and 14.6 MPa) were higher than the IRR region (6.3 and 4.2 MPa). Micrographies showed bubbles in the cement and spaces in the bonded interface. CONCLUSIONS: RP post showed better bond strength at the cervical region while GT had better bond strength at the IRR region. Key words:Endodontics, root canal filling materials, root resorption, X-Ray microtomography.

Can different etching protocols change the properties of a hybrid ceramic?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and etching times on the flexural strength, roughness, wettability, and type of failure of a hybrid ceramic (VITA ENAMIC). Blocks of the ceramic material were made according to the norms of International Organization for Standardization standard 6872:2015 and randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 13): control (no treatment); surface etching with 5% HF for 30 (HF5-30), 60 (HF5-60), or 90 (HF5-90) seconds; and surface etching with 10% HF for 30 (HF10-30), 60 (HF10-60), or 90 (HF10-90) seconds. The adhesive surface of 10 specimens in each group was cemented with dual-curing resin cement. The specimens were submitted to biaxial flexural tests and fractographic analysis. Surface analyses were carried out using 3 noncemented specimens from each group. The surface roughness was evaluated through optical profilometry and the surface wettability through goniometry (contact angle). The values obtained were analyzed by a Dunnett test followed by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α = 5%). The flexural test results indicated a statistically significant reduction in the resistance of the ceramic when conditioned with 10% acid (P < 0.01). Etching with HF, at any concentration used for any applied time, significantly modified the ceramic roughness of the experimental groups (P < 0.01). The wettability was also significantly altered in the HF5-90 group and in all HF10 groups (P < 0.01). The higher the concentration of the acid, the lower the wettability of the ceramic (P < 0.01). Based on these results, a 5% HF concentration is best indicated for the surface treatment of VITA ENAMIC.

Degradation kinetics of high-translucency dental zirconias: Mechanical properties and in-depth analysis of phase transformation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low temperature degradation (LTD) on commercial dental zirconias (conventional and high-translucent - HT) with different microstructures, as well as on their mechanical properties and t-m phase transformation. The amount of monoclinic zirconia in different depths was quantified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with different anode tubes (Cr, Co and Cu). XRD was also used to measure the residual stress of the materials at 0 h, 26 h and 140 h aging times. Vickers microhardness and biaxial flexural strength tests were performed. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test, both with α = 0.05 for means comparisons. Weibull parameters were calculated and compared based on the overlapping of confidence intervals (CI = 95%). HT Zirconia presented smaller grain sizes and had a higher rate of t-m transformation over time. The microstructure of the conventional zirconia showed an expressive increase of the grain size and consequently greater morphological variation with the LTD. The non-aged samples (control) did not present any residual stress and the aged ones presented compression stress. All zirconia showed a residual stress increase with the increase of LTD time, but the conventional one showed a decrease after 140 h. HT zirconia showed no significant change in flexural strength over LTD time, but the conventional one showed a strength decrease after 140 h (681.78 ±â€¯121.18 MPa). Vickers hardness decreased for all zirconia samples after 26 h. The mechanics of LTD is significantly altered in different zirconia microstructures. Zirconias with smaller grains are more prone to t-m phase transformation, but present lower variation of residual stress, while larger grains zirconias have a lower surface area and therefore a more pronounced increase in stress over LTD time. Stress values close to the maximum compression stress generates ejection of the zirconia grains, producing defects and causing reduction of the compression stress and consequently decrease of flexural strength.

Impact of Acid Concentration and Firing on the Long-term Bond Strength of a Zirconia-Lithium Silicate Ceramic Following Adhesive Cementation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different firing stages (without firing, additional crystallization and glaze firings), hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentrations (5% and 10%), and thermocycling on the bond strength between resin cement and a zirconia-lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ZLS ceramic (Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona) blocks were cut into smaller blocks and divided into 12 groups (N = 72), according to the HF concentration used, firing stage, and thermocycling (n = 6). All specimens were silanized (Monobond N, Ivoclar) and cemented with resin cement (Multilink N, Ivoclar) onto blocks of composite resin (Filtek Z250 XT, 3M). The specimens were immersed in distilled water for 24 h. The blocks were cut into sticks and tested immediately or thermocycled for 10,000 cycles in water (5°C-55°C). Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) testing was then performed in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min, 50 kgf load cell). The failure modes of the sticks were examined using SEM and classified as adhesive, predominantly adhesive, or cohesive. Fracture surfaces were topographically evaluated using SEM. The 5% and 10% HF groups were analyzed separately and the data submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Additional samples were used for SEM topographic analysis of representative ceramic surfaces. RESULTS: The most frequent types of failure were predominantly adhesive between cement and ceramic and adhesive (cement completely covered the composite). Statistically significant differences were found only for the thermocycling factor (p < 0.05) for both HF concentrations. However, for the 10% HF groups, a marked decrease in µTBS was observed after firing and thermocycling. SEM showed superficial irregularities on ZLS without etching, partial and total dissolution of the vitreous matrix and exposure of the crystals using 5% and 10% HF, respectively. CONCLUSION: The crystallization and glaze firings of ZLS ceramics conditioned with 5% HF promoted bond strength maintenance after thermocycling. Thermocycling decreased the bond strength in all groups, but mainly for fired ZLS conditioned with 10% HF.

Fatigue Failure Load of Resin-bonded Simplified Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic Restorations: Effect of Ceramic Conditioning Methods.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of different ceramic surface conditioning methods on the fatigue failure load of adhesively cemented simplified lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ceramic (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 1.2 mm) and epoxy resin (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 2.3 mm) disks were produced. The ceramic bonding surfaces were treated as follows: no etching and MPS-silane primer application only (MN); etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 20 s followed by primer application (HF + MN); HF + universal multimode adhesive application (HF + SU); etching with a one-step etching primer (ME&P); HF + primer + conventional adhesive (HF + MN + PAB). The epoxy resin disks were etched with 10% HF for 20 s followed by a coat of bonding agent (Multilink Primer A+B). Pairs of ceramic/epoxy resin disks were cemented with composite cement (Multilink N, Ivoclar Vivadent). The mean fatigue failure load was determined by the staircase method (100,000 cycles at 20 Hz frequency; initial load = 1435 N; step size = 72 N). RESULTS: ME&P had the highest fatigue failure load, followed by HF etched groups, while the non-etched condition (MN group) had the lowest. All samples presented radial cracks originating from defects at the conditioned ceramic surface (interface). CONCLUSION: The simultaneous physicochemical conditioning with one-step self-etching ceramic primer promoted the best fatigue behavior results of the glass-ceramic restorations. It might indicate that this one-step conditioning reduces the number of flaws at the ceramic surface due to the slighter surface alterations than those produced by hydrofluoric acid etching, improving the fatigue behavior.

Deposição de hidreto de silício sobre a zircônia em diferentes tempos: análise química, microestrutural e durabilidade da união ao cimento resinoso / Deposition of silicon hydride on the zirconia in different times: chemical, microstructural analyses and bond strenght with resin cement

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a Deposição Química na Fase Vapor Assistido por Plasma (PECVD) com hidreto de silício (SiH4) em zircônia VITA YZ HT em diferentes tempos, bem como os seus efeitos nas características superficiais do material e na união ao cimento resinoso antes e após a termociclagem. Blocos de zircônia Vita YZ HT foram obtidos, polidos, sinterizados e divididos em 5 grupos, de acordo com o tempo de PECVD (n = 31): Zr-30 (30s), Zr-60 (60s), Zr-120 (120s) e Zr-300 (300s). O grupo controle (Zr-0) não recebeu deposição. Análises de DRX, FTIR, EDS, FE-SEM, XPS, goniometria e perfilometria foram utilizadas para caracterização química e topográfica. O silano Monobond N foi aplicado na superfície e um cilindro de cimento resinoso (Variolink N) foi confeccionado (3 × 3 mm). Metade dos espécimes de cada grupo foi armazenada por 24 h ou submetida à termociclagem (6 × 10³ ciclos). Teste de resistência ao cisalhamento (SBS) foi realizado. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes one-way Anova e Tukey (α = 0,05). Para os grupos experimentais, o XPS mostrou que a formação de ligações Si-O contribuiu para o aumento da Energia Livre de Superfície (ELS). MEV-FEG e EDS mostraram que quanto maior o tempo de deposição, maior a quantidade de silício na superfície, apresentando apenas fase tetragonal. Zr-60 e Zr-300 apresentaram maior e menor rugosidade superficial, respectivamente. O silício penetrou na microestrutura, causando maior concentração de tensão. A resistência de união ao cimento resinoso foi melhorada após todos os tempos de deposição da PECVD. Portanto, a técnica de PECVD com o composto químico SiH4 associada ao tratamento químico com primer universal baseado em metacrilato de silano é uma alternativa promissora para a manutenção da ligação entre cimento resinoso e zircônia HT(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) with silicon hydride (SiH4) on VITA YZ HT zirconia at different times, as well as its effects on material surface characteristics and bonding to resin cement before and after thermocycling. Blocks of VITA YZ HT zirconia were obtained, polished, sintered, and divided into five groups, according to PECVD time (n = 31): Zr-30 (30 s), Zr-60 (60 s), Zr-120 (120 s), and Zr-300 (300 s). The control group (Zr-0) did not receive deposition. XRD, FTIR, EDS, FE-SEM, XPS, goniometry, and profilometry analyses were used for chemical and topographic characterization. Monobond N silane was applied to the surface, and a cylinder of resin cement (Variolink N) was made (3 × 3 mm). Half of the specimens of each group were stored for 24 h or subjected to thermocycling (6 × 10³ cycles). A shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed. Results were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). For experimental groups, XPS showed that formation of Si-O bonds contributed to increased Surface Free Energy (SFE). FE-SEM and EDS showed that the longer the deposition time, the greater the amount of silicon on the surface, presenting only a tetragonal phase. Zr-60 and Zr-300 presented higher and lower surface roughnesses, respectively. The silicon penetrated the microstructure, causing higher stress concentrations. The bond strength to resin cement was improved after all PECVD deposition times. Thus, the PECVD technique with the chemical compound SiH4, associated with chemical treatment with universal primer based on silane methacrylate, is a promising alternative for maintaining bonding between resin cement and HT zirconia(AU)

Impact of crystallization firing process on the microstructure and flexural strength of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructure of two zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) glass-ceramics and evaluate their mechanical properties before and after the crystallization firing process (CFP). METHODS: Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed for microstructural characterization. To evaluate the pattern of crystallization and the molecular composition of ZLS glass-ceramics, was used X-ray diffraction (XRD). Vickers hardness, fracture toughness by the indentation method, and biaxial flexural strength were also measured. One hundred and forty ceramic discs were produced (diameter=12mm; thickness=1.2mm) and allocated among four groups (n=30): Sfir, Sunf-ZLS Vita Suprinity; and Cfir and Cunf-ZLS Celtra Duo; fired and unfired, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed and Weibull failure probabilities were calculated. RESULTS: Cfir showed the highest characteristic strength (251.25MPa) and hardness (693.333±10.85GPa). Conversely, Sunf presented the lowest characteristic strength (106.95MPa) and significantly lowest hardness (597.533±33.97GPa). According to Weibull analysis, Sunf had the highest structural reliability (m=7.07), while Sfir presented the lowest (m=5.38). The CFP was necessary to crystallize zirconia in the partially crystallized ZLS glass-ceramics. Sfir had a lower percentage of crystallized zirconia than did Cfir. Fractographic analyses showed that all failures initiated from an inherent critical defect in Sunf and from processing defects in the remaining groups. SIGNIFICANCE: The CFP had a direct influence on the flexural strength and microstructural characteristics of both ZLS materials.

The Effect of Resection Angle on Stress Distribution after Root-End Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the resection angle on the stress distribution of retrograde endodontic treated maxillary incisors under oblique-load application. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A maxillary central incisor which was endodontically treated and restored with a fiber glass post was obtained in a 3-dimensional numerical model and distributed into three groups according to type of resection: control; restored with fiber post without retrograde obturation, R45 and R90 with 45º and 90º resection from tooth axial axis, respectively and restored with Fuji II LC (GC America). The numerical models received a 45º occlusal load of 200 N/cm2 on the middle of lingual surface. All materials and structures were considered linear elastic, homogeneous and isotropic. Numerical models were plotted and meshed with isoparametric elements, and the results were analyzed using maximum principal stress (MPS). RESULTS: MPS showed greater stress values in the bone tissue for control group than the other groups. Groups with apicectomy showed acceptable stress distribution on the fiber post, cement layer and root dentin, presenting more improved values than control group. CONCLUSION: Apicectomy at 90º promotes more homogeneity on stress distribution on the fiber post, cement layer and root dentin, which suggests less probability of failure. However, due to its facility and stress distribution also being better than control group, apicectomy at 45° could be a good choice for clinicians.

Fatigue failure load of two resin-bonded zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics: Effect of ceramic thickness.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of ceramic thickness on the fatigue failure load of two zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) glass-ceramics, adhesively cemented to a dentin analogue material. METHODS: Disc-shaped specimens were allocated into 8 groups (n=25) considering two study factors: ZLS ceramic type (Vita Suprinity - VS; and Celtra Duo - CD), and ceramic thickness (1.0; 1.5; 2.0; and 2.5mm). A trilayer assembly (ϕ=10mm; thickness=3.5mm) was designed to mimic a bonded monolithic restoration. The ceramic discs were etched, silanized and luted (Variolink N) into a dentin analogue material. Fatigue failure load was determined using the Staircase method (100,000 cycles at 20Hz; initial fatigue load ∼60% of the mean monotonic load-to-failure; step size ∼5% of the initial fatigue load). A stainless-steel piston (ϕ=40mm) applied the load into the center of the specimens submerged in water. Fractographic analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) were also performed. RESULTS: The ceramic thickness influenced the fatigue failure load for both ZLS materials: Suprinity (716N up to 1119N); Celtra (404N up to 1126N). FEA showed that decreasing ceramic thickness led to higher stress concentration on the cementing interface. SIGNIFICANCE: Different ZLS glass-ceramic thicknesses influenced the fatigue failure load of the bonded system (i.e. the thicker the glass ceramic is, the higher the fatigue failure load will be). Different microstructures of the ZLS glass-ceramics might affect the fatigue behavior. FEA showed that the thicker the glass ceramic is, the lower the stress concentration at the tensile surface will be.

Fatigue failure load of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic cemented to a dentin analogue: Effect of etching time and hydrofluoric acid concentration.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of etching time and hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration on the fatigue failure load and surface characteristics of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass (ZLS) ceramic cemented to a dentin-like, fiber reinforced epoxy resin. Ceramic (Suprinity, VITA) (1.0mm thick) and epoxy resin (2.5mm thick) discs (10mm diameter) were produced. The bonding surface of the ceramic samples was nonetched (control group), or etched for 30, 60 or 90s by 5% or 10% HF. The epoxy resin discs were etched by 10% HF for 30s followed by the application of an adhesive material (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE). Pairs of ceramic/epoxy resin discs were cemented with a dual cure resin cement. The fatigue failure load was determined by the staircase method (500,000 cycles at 20Hz; initial load = 925N; step size = 45N). In 10% HF the etching time was shown to influence the fatigue failure load, which increased as the etching time increased (30s < 60s < 90s), and in 5% HF the fatigue failure load was not shown to be affected by the etching time; the lowest fatigue failure loads were produced in the control group without ceramic etching followed by 10% HF acid etching for 30s. Topography analysis showed variations based on the etching protocols. All fractures (radial cracks) were shown to originate from defects at the ceramic surface on the cementing interface. For fatigue loading improvements of ZLS ceramic, 10% HF acid etching for 90s and silanization of the ceramic surface is recommended.

Effect of shear bond strength of metallic orthodontic brackets bonded with and without dental adhesive / Efeito da resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes ortodônticos unidos com e sem adesivo dentário

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of two materials for bonding orthodontic brackets on dental enamel before and after thermocycling. Material and Methods: Forty bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=10). All teeth were etched with 35% phosphoric acid (3M Espe). For bonding of the brackets, G1 and G2 received orthodontic composite resin (Fill Magic Ortodôntico) and G3 and G4, an adhesive (ScotchBond) was used before the orthodontic resin Transbond XT (3M Unitek). G1 and G3 were kept at 37ºC for 24h and G2 and G4 were submitted to thermocycling (5000 cycles, at 5ºC - 55ºC) prior to SBS testing, performed by a universal machine (EMIC) at 1 mm/min, with a 50kgf load cell. Results were analyzed with two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p=0.05). Adhesive surfaces were evaluated through stereomicroscopy and classified according to the type of failure presented. Results: Surface treatment with dental adhesive presented higher SBS values, regardless thermocycling (G3: 12.01 MPa; G4: 12.36 MPa) and the lowest values occurred in G2 (8.89 MPa). For groups without adhesive and with thermocycling, a higher number of completely adhesive failures between composite and enamel were present. For groups in which dental adhesive was used, regardless thermocycling, the failures were mainly adhesive between composite and the bracket. Conclusion: Surface etching of enamel with 35% phosphoric acid with or without adhesive showed a positive effect on SBS. The application of adhesive on enamel surface contributed to the maintenance of SBS values after thermocycling (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de dois materiais para fixação de braquetes ortodônticos ao esmalte dentário antes e após a termociclagem. Material e Métodos: Quarenta incisivos bovinos foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=10). Todos os dentes foram condicionados com ácido fosfórico a 35% (3M Espe). Para a fixação dos braquetes, G1 e G2 receberam a resina composta ortodôntica (Fill Magic Ortodôntico) e G3 e G4, um adesivo dentário (ScotchBond) foi usado antes da resina ortodôntica Transbond XT (3M Unitek). G1 e G3 foram mantidos a 37ºC por 24h e G2 e G4 foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica (5000 ciclos, de 5ºC - 55ºC) anterior ao teste de resistência ao cisalhamento, realizado por máquina universal (EMIC) a 1 mm/min, com célula de carga de 50kgf. Os resultados foram analisados com ANOVA 2-fatores, seguida do teste de Tukey (p=0,05). As superfícies adesivas foram avaliadas através de estereomicroscopia e classificadas de acordo com o tipo de falha presente. Resultados: O tratamento de superfície com adesivo dentário apresentou maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento, independente da termociclagem (G3: 12,01 MPa; G4: 12,36 MPa) e os menores valores ocorreram para G2 (8,89 MPa). Para os grupos sem adesivo e com termociclagem, o maior número de falhas predominantemente adesivas entre resina composta e esmalte estava presente. Para os grupos em que o adesivo dentário foi utilizado, independente da termociclagem, as falhas foram principalmente adesivas entre resina composta e o braquete. Conclusão: O condicionamento superficial do esmalte com ácido fosfórico a 35% com ou sem adesivo mostrou um efeito positivo sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento. A aplicação de adesivo na superfície do esmalte contribuiu para a manutenção dos valores de resistência ao cisalhamento após a termociclagem. (AU)

A opção pelo retratamento não cirúrgico na presença de pinos intrarradiculares: riscos e benefícios / The option for nonsurgical retreatment in the presence of intraradicular posts: risks and benefits

Introdução: O retratamento não cirúrgico é uma opção de tratamento quando ocorre o insucesso no tratamento endodôntico, porém, em muitos casos, há necessidade da remoção prévia de pinos intrarradiculares. Objetivo: Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo citar os riscos e os benefícios da opção pelo retratamento endodôntico não cirúrgico na presença de pinos intrarradiculares, bem como citar materiais e técnicas para a remoção de diferentes tipos de pinos. Conclusão: A opção pelo retratamento endodôntico não cirúrgico, em casos em que há necessidade de remoção de pinos, é segura e de índice de sucesso considerável, por isso, deve-se levar em conta o conhecimento de técnicas e os fatores que podem influenciar durante o processo, a fim de prevenir acidentes, bem como saber que apenas a presença do pino intrarradicular não é indicação para o tratamento cirúrgico.

Introduction: Nonsurgical retreatment is a treatment option when the failure happens in the endodontic treatment, but in many cases, there is need for prior removal intrarradicular posts. Objectives: This literature review aims to cite the risks and benefits of option for nonsurgical endodontic retreatment in the presence of intraradicular posts and cite materials and techniques for removing different types of posts. Conclusion: The option for nonsurgical endodontic retreatment in cases where removal the posts there need, is safe and considerable success rate, therefore, one should take into account the knowledge of techniques and factors that may influence during the process, in order to prevent accidents, as well as to know that only the presence of intraradicular post is no indication for surgical treatment.

Princípios odontológicos na harmonização do sorriso: laminados cerâmicos / Dental principles in smile harmonization: dental veneers

Na abordagem clínica, perante a necessidade de harmonização do sorriso por meio de laminados cerâmicos, são possíveis várias técnicas de execução e planejamento. Sendo assim, este estudo apresentou um caso clínico de incisivos laterais superiores conoides, cujo tratamento seguiu princípios científicos de planejamento, seleção da técnica de preparo e de material para obter um tratamento estético e funcional previsível com laminados cerâmicos.

Several techniques are possible on the need to harmonize the smile by ceramic laminates. For this, this study presented a clinical case of peg-shaped lateral incisors following the scientific principles of planning, selection, preparation technique and material to generate a esthetic and functionally predictable treatment with these restoration types.

Avaliação dos hábitos de higiene bucal em portadores de prótese total associados à prevalência de lesões bucais / Evaluation of oral hygiene in complete dentures users associated with the prevalence oral lesions

[{"text": "desdentados, apesar de ser considerada facilitadora de várias patologias bucais. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os hábitos de higiene bucal dos usuários de PTR, o estado de conservação associado à presença de lesões bucais e o recebimento de orientação profissional. Sessenta usuários de PTR foram entrevistados e suas próteses avaliadas quanto à higiene, conservação e saúde bucal. Observou-se que 96,7% dos pesquisados não receberam orientação profissional, o método mecânico foi o mais utilizado para higienização e realizado três vezes ao dia (36,7%). A higiene das PTR apresentou-se moderada e as características funcionais estavam insatisfatórias. A queilite angular não teve significância estatística quando associada ao nível de higiene. A ausência de retenção e estabilidade estática associou com as lesões no maxilar inferior (p=0,02). As características deficientes das PTR representam uma tendência para a ocorrência de lesões bucais e os participantes, apesar da higiene frequente, não conheciam a forma correta de higienização e não receberam orientação que a PTR poderia causar lesões bucais.", "_i": "pt"}]

Braquetes ortodônticos se fixam com resina composta sem o uso de sistemas adesivos? / Orthodontic brackets bond with composite resin without the use of adhesive systems?

Introdução e objetivo: esta revisão de literatura foi realizada utilizando-se das bases de dados Medline, LILACS, BBO e Scielono período de 2004 a 2013, sobre a fixação de braquetes ortodônticos com resina composta, com e sem o uso de sistemas adesivos. Conclusões: Concluiu-se que a fixação dos braquetes ortodônticos com o emprego do sistema adesivo é efetiva em campo operatório limpo e seco, bem como na ausência do sistema adesivo, que além de não causar danos à superfície do esmalte diminui os passos clínicos do atendimento ortodôntico. E na presença de umidade, a melhor opção é a resina composta hidrofílica.

Introduction and objective: this literature review was performed using the databases Medline, LILACS, BBO and Scielo in the period from 2004 to 2013, about the fixation of orthodontic brackets with composite resin, with and without the use of adhesive systems. Conclusions: It was concluded that the fixation of orthodontic brackets with the use of the adhesive system is effective in clean and dry operative field, as well as in the absence of the adhesive system, that besides not causing damages to the surface of the enamel reduces the clinical steps of the orthodontic care. And in the humidity presence, the best option is thehydrophilic composite resin.

Seringa anestésica e os dispositivos eletrônicos para injeção do anestésico local em odontologia / Anesthetic syringe and the electronic devices for injection of local anesthetic in odontology

Este trabalho é uma revisão de literatura sobre os dispositivos eletrônicos e manual utilizados para injeção do anestésico local em Odontologia realizada no período entre 1998 a 2010 nas fontes: Medline, PubMed, Bireme, Periódicos Capes e Scielo. Concluiu-se que: Os aparelhos anestésicos conduzidos eletronicamente, são uma evolução na Odontologia pois permitem a injeção do líquido anestésico de forma mais eficaz possibilitando uma injeção lenta, com velocidades pré-estabelecidas o que é uma grande vantagem quando comparada ao modo de injeção da seringa manual. Os dispositivos eletrônicos ainda apresentam desvantagens no que diz respeito à ergonomia, maneabilidade, peso, facilidade de uso e custo elevado.

This study is a literature review of electronic and manual devices used to inject the local anesthetic in Odontology, performed between the period of 1998 to 2010 in the sources: Medline, PubMed, Bireme, Periódicos Capes e Scielo. It was concluded that: The electronically conducted anesthetic apparatus, are an evolution in Odontology because they allow the injection of anesthetic liquid more effectively, allowing a slow injection with pre-set speeds, which is a big advantage when compared to the injection mode of the manual syringe. The electronic devices still have disadvantages with regard to ergonomics, maneuverability, weight, ease of use and high cost.